Turkish Journal of Natural Sciences

THE IMPACT OF THE INTRODUCTION OF NORMS OF FERTILIZERS AND IRRIGATION ON THE CHANGE IN THE NUTRITIONAL REGIME OF THE SOIL IN MIXED CROPS OF BARLEY AND ALFALFA

Kazimov Nizami Nazim — 2022-12-07

The article quotes questions of the influence of fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on the change in the nutrient regime of the soil when growing mixed crops of barley and alfalfa in the conditions of the Karabakh zone of Azerbaijan. In this regard, one of the main issues considered was the development on a scientific and practical basis of the nature of changes in the nutrient regime of the soil and the effect of optimal fertilizer rates and the number of irrigations on crop yields in mixed crops in long-irrigated gray meadow soils.

To study the effect of irrigation and fertilizer rates in mixed crops on changes in the nutrient regime of the soil, soil samples were taken from two soil layers (0-30 and 30-60 cm) after cutting. In the soil samples taken, compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium that are readily absorbed by plants were analyzed. Analysis of soil samples shows that the application of mineral and organic fertilizers against the background of different amounts of irrigation fundamentally affects the effective fertility of the soil.

Against the background of 4-fold vegetative irrigation (3800 m3 / ha) in the control variant without fertilizers in the 1st mowing, analysis of soil samples makes it known that in the variant without fertilizer in the first crop the amount of absorbed ammonium was 5.2-6.6 mg / kg, nitrates 3.3-4.9 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus 7.2-12.7 mg / kg, and exchangeable potassium 217.5-254.7 mg / kg, and in the variant with the norm N45P120K90 in the soil layer of 0-30 cm after the first mowing, the amount of absorbed ammonium was 6.2-8.3 mg / kg, nitrate nitrogen 4.5-5.4 mg / kg, mobile phosphorus 9.4-13.2 mg / kg, and exchangeable potassium 256-263 mg / kg. As a result of the analysis, it becomes clear that the introduction of irrigation and fertilizer rates increases the number of digestible nutrients. And this in turn has the necessary effect on the yield of alfalfa in mixed crops with barley, as a result, the effective fertility of the soil is maintained.

THE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES IN THE DISTRICTS OF ADANA

Cengiz Karaca — 2022-12-07

The aim of this study was to determine the biomass potential and the energy value, being produced from agricultural residues in Adana province. Adana is a province of Turkey on the Mediterranean Region which is divided into 15 districts. The amounts of residues from the agricultural crops cultivated in Adana province were calculated using production data of crops with Turkish Statistical Institute for the 2018 seasonal years. The annual gross potential of agricultural residues was determined by using residue to product ratio. The energy potential of residues for each districts was calculated by multiplication of the calorific values of agricultural residues with the available residue amount. The total amount of agricultural residues was approximately 1,768.8 kt.year^-1. It was found that the total calorific value of the agricultural residues was around 31.48 PJ.year^-1 for the production period of 2018 in the province. When districts put in order according to the amount of agricultural residues, the top five districts of Adana are Ceyhan (546.1 kt), Yüreğir (350.4 kt), Karataş (214.3 kt), Kozan (164.43 kt) and Seyhan (141.44 kt). The major crops included in the ratio of the total agricultural residues were maize (54.3%), cotton (18.9%), sunflower (11.2%) and citrus (6.3%). Additionally, the data obtained in order to see the distribution of residues more clearly is mapped.

USE OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN DISEASE RESISTANT VEGETABLE BREEDİNG

Ayşegül Çolak Ateş — 2022-12-07

Today's vegetable breeding studies are primarily aimed at developing resistant varieties. The development of resistant varieties is obtained as a result of long breeding studies. Morphological determinants used in the determination of resistant genotypes in classical breeding studies help to differentiate genotypes but may be affected by environmental conditions. Homozygous and heterozygous individuals cannot be detected if any of these characters are recessive. Therefore, in recent years, advances in the use of molecular markers in the field of biotechnology in disease resistance have rapidly gained importance in the use of plant breeding. Molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) involves selection of plants carrying these genomic regions by means of molecular markers expressing the desired properties. Thus, saving time and space in the selection of disease-resistant varieties, hundreds of plants can be selected simultaneously and reliably and quickly. In this study, types, advantage-disadvantages and application areas of molecular markers used in selection of disease resistant varieties and/or parents in vegetable breeding are discussed.

STEVIA: ŞEKERE ALTERNATİF DOĞAL VE SIFIR KALORİLİ TATLANDIRICI

Osman Kola — 2022-12-07

Gıda endüstrisinin en önemli amaçlarından biri, küreselleşen dünyamızda bilinçli tüketici oranını arttırmak ve bu artan bilinçli tüketici taleplerini karşılayabilmektir. Gıda endüstrisi personelleri, tüketicilerin genel eğilimi doğrultusunda gıdalarda bulunan şeker miktarını düşürmeyi (diyabet, obezite, kronik hastalıklar vb. sebeplerden dolayı) amaçlamaktadır. Dolayısı ile daha sağlıklı, doğal ve düşük kaloriye sahip gıda tatlandırıcıları bu amaç kapsamında büyük önem taşımaktadır. Güney Amerika kökenli Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) bitkisinin ekstraktlarının, Japonya, Çin, Kore ve Brezilya başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede doğal tatlandırıcı olarak kullanımı devam etmektedir.

DESIGN OF SMALL SCALE INFRARED DRYER

Tunahan Erdem — 2022-12-07

The Drying of agricultural products is vital for sustainable agricultural production systems. In addition to this, it is also crucial to food safety and human health. Drying is the oldest method to preserve food. Moreover today we need to increase the producer's wage by improving the food quality, safety and to effect improvements on new trends foods.

For these reasons, we need to design and manufacture the dryer, which could be bought and maintained by small scale producers. Manufacturing of the new type of dryer is vital for improving the larger amount of farmers and producers. Therefore in this study, the idea of small scale dryer design was studied.

In the world, lots of dryers are manufactured for the demands of industry and farmers. But for small scale production, the choices are limited. The infrared heating is easily adjustable for small scale applications. In this study, the infrared heat was adjusted to the batch dryer, which has a conveying heater. Within the conveying heat from one side to the other side intermittent drying is almost done, and it improves the food quality. In this study 500 kg capacity of Infrared dryer was designed and manufactured.